[ 黃建華 ]——(2004-4-25) / 已閱36275次
論刑法基本原則確立
On Establishing Basic Principle of Criminal Law
——從法理學(xué)、刑法學(xué)及比較研究的角度
--In the Perspective of Jurisprudence\Criminal Science and Comparison
作者/黃建華
【摘要】
我國現(xiàn)行刑法總則部分（第3、4、5條），法律面前人人平等、罪刑法定、罪刑相適應(yīng)原則已經(jīng)明文規(guī)定為刑法的基本指導(dǎo)原則，成為刑事立法、司法活動(dòng)必須遵行的基本原則。緣此，這三原則作為刑法基本原則的地位似乎已不可動(dòng)搖。
然而,筆者依然有所質(zhì)疑。
是否可以因?yàn)樾谭ɑ驹瓌t已落戶于刑法典中，或因?yàn)橹爸笤?jīng)大規(guī)模地討論過，現(xiàn)在就可袖手不問了，或者說這個(gè)問題是否真的業(yè)已解決？誠恐不然。
首先，刑法對刑法基本原則的規(guī)定只是“已然”，未必是“必然”或“應(yīng)然”，這自然是由法的滯后性、不周延性等先天不足造成的。其次，法學(xué)理論研究不是僅僅作為某部法律規(guī)范的“法窯”而存在的，而應(yīng)為整個(gè)法學(xué)進(jìn)步的引擎，既務(wù)實(shí)又要有前瞻性。再次，整個(gè)社會都在不斷發(fā)展，立法和司法環(huán)境也在改變。
故此，筆者認(rèn)為舊題重拾亦是有以。
談到刑法基本原則，我們無法回避另一相關(guān)概念，即法的原則。
本文著意從法理的角度分析了何為法的原則、法的原則的分類，以求理清法的原則與基本法律原則的關(guān)系。以此為階，本文的一個(gè)重要內(nèi)容即是以比較的眼光對刑法基本原則進(jìn)行研討，即從刑法基本原則與憲法基本原則以及刑法基本原則與民法基本原則的對比分析中，找出刑法基本原則的各方面特性，以此進(jìn)一步檢驗(yàn)已有的及新近的提法，并力求對以后刑法基本原則可能出現(xiàn)的提法準(zhǔn)備辨認(rèn)手段。
【關(guān)鍵詞】
法的原則 刑法基本原則 憲法基本內(nèi)原則 民法基本原則 刑法平等適用原則
Abstract:
In the General Rules (item3, 4,5) of the current criminal law of our country, equal status from criminal law principle, crime and penalty by law principle and crime equaling penalty principle have been laid down in clause clearly as fundamental guiding principles, and the three so turn basic principles which must be obeyed in the course of law making and performing, because of this, it seems that the position of the three as the basic principle in the criminal law could not be removed.
However, the author believes it to be inconvincible.
Could we be relaxed and lie comfortably just because the basic principle of criminal law has resided in the criminal law or it has been explored by lots of people before or after it was laid down in clause? Or the problem has really been solved? I’m really afraid not.
Firstly, that the basic principle has been fixed in the criminal law is just “so ” but not really “must be so ” or “should be so ”, which is naturally caused by the characteristics of criminal law such as “behind-lagging” and “not-all-in” these born flaws. Secondly, the theory study of legal science doesn’t just exist as a “kiln” of any branch law, it should be the motor of forward moving of the whole legal science, and need be not only practical but foreseen. Thirdly, the whole society is developing, and the legal environment is changing as well.
As a result of that, the author believes it is reasonable to remention the old object.
Mentioning the basic principle of law, we could not escape another related concept, which is legal principle.
In this article, it is attentively analyzed in the perspective of legal jurisprudence what is legal principle and the classifying of legal principle, in attempt to make clear the relationship of legal principle and basic principle of law. On the basis of that, one of the important contents of this article is to study the basic principle of criminal law in eye of comparison, meaning detecting all characteristics of basic criminal law principle by comparison of basic principle of criminal law to that of constitution and that of civil law, and further checking the old and newly-coming concepts of basic principle of criminal law, trying to prepare checking methods for the possibly coming concepts of basic principle of criminal law in future.
Key words:
Legal principle Basic principle of criminal law Basic principle of constitution Basic principle of civil law Equal status from criminal law principle
刑法基本原則是刑法學(xué)的一個(gè)根本問題，但理論界對這一問題的認(rèn)識至今依然“遠(yuǎn)近高低各不同”；研究者皆各秉持己見，爭論紛紜不休，到現(xiàn)在依然持續(xù)，未能達(dá)成普遍共識。
有關(guān)刑法基本原則的認(rèn)識分歧，要而言之，多集中在何為刑法基本原則，刑法基本原則認(rèn)定的依據(jù),以及刑法基本原則的具體內(nèi)容等方面，后二者尤其為論爭的焦點(diǎn)。
其實(shí), 刑法基本原則之所以到今天尚不十分明確，與人們研究這一問題的角度有重要關(guān)系。筆者以為，刑法基本原則雖然屬于刑法學(xué)問題，研究著眼點(diǎn)卻不宜囿于刑法學(xué)這一端口。欲將其徹底澄清，就須全方位地進(jìn)行多維捕逐。
故此，筆者不揣冒大方之家所不韙而試從各個(gè)角度諸如法理學(xué)、刑法學(xué)、比較研究等對該問題詳作推敲。
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